"Dancing with Miley, doing whatever we want, this is our house, this is our rules, and we can’t stop, and we won’t stop" – Miley Cyrus, We Can’t Stop.
What does Miley Cyrus' reinvention tell
us about society and women in the media?
''The challenge is for each of us to
let go of old patterns that no longer serve us; that divide us; that operate
from imbalance, exclusion, domination and control. The opportunity is to rise
above fixed positions and differences to discover our common ground and build
upon our similarities and mutual goals'' [1] - Women Walk the Land.
Women in the media are no longer
perceived as the innocent, harmless, obedient females that they once were.
Society has changed and so has the media. It is said that ‘’we construct our
identities through complex processes of interaction with the culture around us,
but today images of hyper sexualisation dominate’’[2]. With over sexualised
content in the media presented through images and videos, ‘’where is a girl to
go if she decides Beyoncé, Miley Cyrus, Lady Gaga, Rihanna or Britney Spears aren't
for her’’[3]? Miley Cyrus in particular
has caused major controversy in the media throughout recent years. Having begun
her career in 2006 with her very own Disney hit teen show Hannah Montana, Miley
has left the sweet, shy personality in the past and now produces provocative
music videos. It became obvious that Miley was no longer a little girl when she
released ‘Can’t be tamed’[4] in 2010 which showed her
rebellious side. It can be argued that this is simply her growing up and in
reality, happens to every female. However, mothers of young Hannah Montana fans
couldn’t agree less as they no longer want their daughters to look up to the
singer and suggest that the star is creating a ‘moral panic’ in society. Some
have even gone as far as saying they want her ‘‘Bangerz’ tour shut down’’[5] as they refused to subject
their 9 year olds to a ‘porn show’ and walked out of concerts early. Miley
Cyrus’ reinvention tells us that women in the media have become more provocative
and sexy and society needs to be more understanding of these changes.
One of the reasons why Miley’s Bangerz’
tour has caused so much controversy is due to the fact that she sold her own
branded ‘Bangerz’ rolling papers at her concerts. This encourages smoking and
we are already aware of Miley’s interest in drugs as she even stated in her
Rolling Stones interview ‘’coke is gross but Molly and weed are happy drugs’’[6]. As Miley still has a
young fan base, her behaviour and actions at her concerts have been regarded as
adult material as her revealing clothing and provocative dance moves are not
child friendly. Some on the other hand appreciate Miley and her music ‘’yeah, she's crafty. But
also stealthily soulful. Bangerz flaunts her savvy and her sexuality with an
under-appreciated emotional directness’’[7].
The main text that this essay will be
focusing on is Miley Cyrus’ ‘Wrecking ball’ video[8]. Wrecking ball was released in 2013 by RCA
Records and was Miley’s first major controversial video. The video itself
gained 735,540,463 views as well as Miley having 7,000,388 subscribers on her
YouTube channel. The Guardian stated that the video portrayed a message to
young women that they ‘’should be sexually available’’[9] and the nudity content
shocked audiences. In the video, Miley is presented as an innocent being who
has had her heart broken as her lyrics state ‘’you wrecked me’’. It can be said
that this song was directed at her ex fiancé as their three year engagement
collapsed just before the song was released, however Miley denied this in
interviews.
The small white hot pants and crop top
Miley wears in the video have connotations of her purity and innocence and could
be used to make audiences feel sympathy for her. However, her sexy red lipstick
completely contrasts this image and makes her look provocative instead. It is
therefore unclear of what Miley is trying to portray in this video. This
relates to feminist Mulvey’s Male Gaze as Miley is presented as an attractive
objective for men to look at.
The video begins with a close-up shot
of Miley’s face with tears dropping down her cheeks. We as the audience
immediately know that the song will be a representation of a sad topic and the
lyrics that come in soon after confirm this. Moreover, Miley is alienated in
the video and is surrounded by destructive tools such as hammers and bulldozers
(which she even swings on while fully nude). These tools are actually a
denotation of the lyrics as Miley sings about wrecking, which is what she is
doing in the video by knocking down walls. The narrative of the song is linear
as Miley’s song tells us how she has been hurt. The narrative also embodies
values of hope and meaning as Miley sings ‘’don’t you ever say I just walked
away’’. Furthermore, the music video is a mixed genre of power pop and romance
genre as Miley sings about love and heartbreak along with power pop music which
has the characteristics of strong melodies and clear, crisp vocals. The
audience for Miley’s wrecking ball would be mostly male and female teenagers
and young adults as that is Miley’s main target audience for her music in
general. It would also relate to anyone who has experienced heartbreak,
therefore gains a large target audience. Miley appeals to a females particularly on a
larger scale than males, as some females still see her as a role model and are
fans of her music, TV show and films. The ethnicity group Miley appealed to
when she first began her career on Hannah Montana was white-middle class.
However, due to her different personality and character she is today, Miley
appeals to working class white and black females and males too.
Using psychographics theory, Miley appeals to Explorers who seek individualism
and do not conform to society’s norms and values as she herself is quite an outrageous
character. In addition, Miley targets Succeeders and Aspirers as she began her
successful career at the age of 13. Miley currently has a net worth of $150
million and the first week of release for wrecking ball sold 90,000 downloads.
Liberal Pluralists believe that the
media are free to express themselves in whichever way they want. Additionally,
the most powerful can be scrutinised and bought down. Miley is free to express
herself in the way she wants as she shows her character to be quite care free
of other people’s opinions. However, it could also be argued that the media
make her act in this way in order for her to sell and be popular with
audiences. A journalist in The Guardian stated, ‘'Cyrus's nakedness happens in
the context of a cultural industry still run largely by men, filmed largely by
men, produced largely by men, in which men stand to gain from women's
gyrations, financially and lubriciously. We need an end to misogyny across
everything, everywhere’’[10]. Nick Lacey argued that
“occasionally the media does represent women as powerful and independent
characters, and yet they still almost invariably require a man to tell them
what to do”[11]. This could represent the
producers and directors of Miley’s videos as there are in fact male dominated. Moreover,
Simon de Beauvior once stated “representation of the world, like the world
itself, is the work of men’’[12]. This suggests that men
are in control and in fact women are still living in a patriarchal society with
men making all the decisions for us. In contrast to this, society has changed
as Audre Lorde believed by saying “women were expected to kneel to men. But
women have survived”[13]. This shows that the
“dominant ideological views”[14] have been banished and the
empowerment that women have developed over the years and the fact that they can
do just fine on their own and men are not needed for survival. Miley is
powerful in the music industry as her successful career continues to build.
Although she has people against her and try to bring her down e.g. parents who
want to shut down her Bangerz tour, she does not let this stop her and
continues to produce music and release images/videos causing controversy in the
media.
Despite all the negative coverage Miley
receives in the media, she does have her own beliefs and values and in fact
argues she is ‘’one of the world’s biggest feminists’’[15]. “Post-feminism does not
assume that this means gender issues are no longer valid. On the contrary, it
acknowledges that there are still many areas of interest and concern within
gender politics; but it recognises that these issues are very different from
the ones faced by gender theorists in the mid-20th century”[16]. Miley could be interpreted
as a post-feminist as she is extremely focused on her career while balancing
family time as she has also worked in the acting/music industry with her famous
father in the past. As Miley is still young, her main focus currently is her
career as oppose to becoming a mother and starting a family. She has similar
values to Feminist Toni Morrison who stated “I don’t want to make somebody
else. I want to make myself”[17]. This emphasises the role
of young women and the fact that they should make something of themselves,
before producing and concentrating on others. Growing up in a Christian family,
Miley has been taught that men and women are equal and therefore stated in an
article, ‘’no-one minds if a man goes topless on the beach, so why can’t we”[18]? She has also expressed
that negative coverage in the media does not phase her and in fact "every
time you talk about me, you're bringing more awareness to me and... my record''[19]. Moreover, she argues "I
think people if they actually knew me would be surprised at how normal I am''[20]. In my opinion, it is
inspiring how Miley does not let the negative comments of others alter or bring
down her success and confidence. After all, in order to remain in the music
industry you must be strong headed and not be afraid to be yourself which Miley
does all the time.
Besides Miley Cyrus, there have been
several other female singers in the music industry who have caused controversy
in the past due to explicit videos such as Nicki Minaj, Rihanna and Britney
Spears. The Guardian even stated that ‘’sexually explicit music videos should
have ratings system’’[21] and a campaign demands
cinema-style restrictions on graphic material aimed at teenage girls. With
obesity, anorexia and eating disorders largely common within young girls
nowadays, it is important that girls are reminded that looking stick thin with
curves in the right places (usually done by surgery) is not the norm, even if
they are advertised by famous celebrities in music videos.
Nicki Minaj’s recent ‘Anaconda’ video[22] released in August 2014
gained 19.6 million video views in 24 hours, surpassing Miley’s ‘Wrecking Ball
video’. The video however was not a big hit with parents as they called it
‘vile’ as Nicki had her whole backside on display and stated "these are
young kids, I think, still that like her music, they look at her as a pop star
or a rap star and it's horrifying. She's twerking, she's gyrating, and the
other dancers doing … it's just vile"[23]. Tina Fey famously stated
“All Beyonce and JLo have done is add to the laundry list of attributes women
must have to qualify as beautiful. Now every girl is expected to have Caucasian
blue eyes, full Spanish lips, a classic button nose, hairless Asian skin with a
California tan, a Jamaican dance hall ass, long Swedish legs, small Japanese
feet, the abs of a lesbian gym owner, the hips of a nine-year-old boy, the arms
of Michelle Obama, and doll tits. The person closest to actually achieving this
look is Kim Kardashian, who, as we know, was made by Russian scientists to
sabotage our athletes”[24]. This quote expresses a
Feminist viewpoint of celebrities and famous women in the media and the fact
that they are creating false representations of what women should be and look
like.
Moreover, Rihanna has released videos
such as ‘Pour It Up’ released in 2013, which gained 146,588,674 views on
YouTube[25]. The star wore revealing
clothes and had women going up and down poles as well as provocatively
splashing around in water and shaking their assets in the camera. Mel C, former
spice girl has critiqued Rihanna and stated the singer is ‘’too raunchy for my
daughter’’[26]. She forbade her five
year old from watching the video due to her concern that pop has become ‘too
sexualised’. This is a major concern with several parents as pop music is way
too explicit and women are portrayed as sex objects.
Similar to Miley, Britney Spears also
caused controversy at a young age in the media. The ‘Hit me baby one more time’
star appeared on stage with a revealing outfit for a performance handling a
live snake during the VMA’s in 2000. At this time, small clothing was not the
norm for singers, therefore the nudity content shocked audiences. More
recently, in 2013 she released ‘Work B***h’[27] which featured over
sexualised females dancing around in little clothing.
The historical text this essay will be
focusing on is Madonna’s first ever music video ‘Everybody’[28], released in 1983. Madonna began her career in the late 1970's
where she got involved in the music industry and soon began releasing her own
songs and eventually her first album. Since then, she has become the ‘queen of
pop’ and world-wide idol. Madonna’s main target audience was white middle-class
males and females. The video is completely innocent, with males and females
dancing individually around a stage where Madonna is dancing with some back up
dancers. One obvious statement in the video is that everyone is fully dressed
with no small, tight clothes that female artists wear in their videos nowadays.
In fact, Madonna is wearing baggy clothes and almost looks like a tom boy
compared to the clothes female artists wear today. This video is completely
different to Miley Cyrus' videos such as ‘We can’t Stop’[29] which also features males
and females however they are all dancing close together and taking drugs.
Although Madonna’s video features a mix of females and males dancing, they are
dancing individually.
The video shows that a few things have
changed since the 1980's. The genre of dance music tends to be faster with more
versions nowadays. Before the dance music was very 'disco', whereas now there
are more variations such as hip hop, RnB, dub etc. Also, dance music has much
more explicit videos as well as lyrics nowadays and is very much 'club' music,
therefore targeting at young adults. The style of teenagers and young adults
who had grown up listening to dance music in the 80's is much different to the style
which is preferred today. The zeitgeist of the 80's was not to be sexy or
provocative. Instead, it was to produce an enthusiastic single and video which
would be popular with the audience during that period of time. Nowadays it is
the opposite, as 'sex sells' in the music industry. Therefore young females
such as Miley Cyrus have to be revealing and sexy in their videos as that is
what sells and what attracts views and fans.
At the beginning of her career, Madonna
was idolised and this was recognised by her audience as they stated ''It was an
era where disco was anathema to the mainstream pop, and she had a huge role in
popularizing dance music as a popular music again, crashing through the door
Michael Jackson opened with Thriller''[30]. However, soon later
Madonna also began to cause controversy in the media. ''This time, the issue
wasn’t so much with lyrics, but images. In “Like a Prayer,” Madonna takes on
racism, appearing in a flimsy black slip and kissing an African-American
religious icon, and later stands among crosses engulfed in flames’’[31]. From this, we could question
whether every star grows and breaks free and challenges society’s norms,
especially when they start their career at an innocent, young age.
Like most Disney channel stars, Miley
Cyrus has simply grown as a person and has experimented with her music, videos
and the person she is. Several celebrities who started their career at a young
age on Disney channel have grown up to cause some controversy in the media. Vanessa
Ann Hudgens for her ‘nude leaks’ in 2007 and 2009, Dylan Sprouse for his ‘nude
leaks’ in 2013, Demi Lovato, Lindsay Lohan, Zac Efron and Shia LeBeouf all
visiting rehab for their drug addictions. Miley is hardly a needle in the haystack
when it comes to controversial Disney stars who have simply grown up. Miley
Cyrus' reinvention tells us that women in the media develop mostly into objects
which sell. The famous term 'sex sells' encourages women in the media to be
provocative as it attracts attention from the media and fans whether it is
positive or not, it still generates publicity. Society need to become more
accepting of the changing values instead of viewing controversial acts as
something they are disgusted by e.g. Miley's young fan’s mothers. In my
opinion, controversial artists will only 'get worse'. It is almost impossible
to avoid nude and provocative women in the media as they are everywhere.
Whether it be on TV, online or even in celebrity magazines, society are unable
to avoid the celebrities they find to be shameful and the media will always
pick the negative out of people to focus on. An interesting feminist quote
states ''as women grow older, that ‘status’ is then taken away and they are
shown as sexless housewives. The options are few. In the process of living,
women are made to feel self-conscious and guilty for being real''[32].
Words: 3,434
[1]
Bogue, A. Women Walk the Land
from Worth Knowing http://www.aneabogue.com/women-worth-knowing.php
[2]
Dines, G. (2011, December 01) Moral panic? No. We are resisting the
pornification of women from The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/01/feminists-pornification-of-women
[3]
ibid
[4] Miley
Cyrus (2010, June 18) Hollywood Records. USA-Can't Be Tamed from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjSG6z_13-Q
[5]
Sperry, A. (2014, February 20) Disgruntled Parents Want Miley Cyrus’ ‘Bangerz’
Tour Shut Down from The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/19/bangerz-tour-shut-down_n_4815160.html
[6]
Mail, D. (2013, September 27) ‘Coke is gross but ‘Molly’ and weed are happy
drugs!’ Miley Cyrus talks about one of her favourite subjects... drugs from
Mail online http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2435179/Miley-Cyrus-drugs-Coke-gross-Molly-weed-happy-drugs.html#ixzz3NmGEsPxi
[7] Cattuci,
N. (2013). The Best Music Of The Year. Entertainment Weekly.
[8] Miley
Cyrus (2013, August 25) RCA Records. USA-Wrecking ball from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My2FRPA3Gf8
[9]
Hann, M. (2013, September 10) Miley Cyrus’ new Wrecking Ball video says young
women should be sexually available from The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/sep/10/miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball
[10]
Kitty, E. (2013, October 07) Miley Cyrus: does the music business exploit
women? From The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/07/miley-cyrus-music-business-women-sinead-oconnor
[11] Grahame,
J. (2010, December) Media Magazine 34, the change issue
[12] Beauvoir,
S. (2009). The Second Sex. France. p. 636
[13] Lorde,
A. (1984). Sister Outsider. Crossing, Calif. p. 35
[14] Lacy,
N. (2009). Image and Representation: key concepts in media studies (2nd ed).
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 143
[15]
Silverman, R. (2013 November 13) Miley Cyrus: I'm one of the world's biggest
feminists from The Telegraph http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10445850/Miley-Cyrus-Im-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-feminists.html
[16] Grahame,
J. Media Magazine 26, the film issue
[17] Morrison,
T. (1973). Sula. Knopf, US. p. 114
[18]
ibid
[19]
Butterfly, A. (2013, November 12) Miley Cyrus says she's 'one of the biggest
feminists' from BBC Newsbeat http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/24911610
[20]
ibid
[21]
McVeigh, T. (2013 November 10) from The Guardian Sexually explicit music videos
'should have ratings system' http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/10/videos-miley-cyrus-rihanna-ratings
[22] Nicki
Minaj (2014, August 04) Young Money. California-Anaconda from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDZX4ooRsWs
[23]
Petersen, S. (2014 August 28) Parents respond to Nicki Minaj's 'vile' music
video that's breaking records from Deseret News http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865609740/Parents-respond-to-Nicki-Minajs-vile-music-video-thats-breaking-records.html?pg=all
[24] Fey,
T. (2011). Bossypants. Little, Brown and Company, United States. P. 98
[25] Rihanna
(2013, January 08) Def Jam. USA-Pour It Up from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehcVomMexkY
[26]
Petersen, H. (2014, October 14) Mel C: Rihanna is too raunchy for my daughter
from The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/oct/13/mel-c-rihanna-daughter
[27] Britney
Spears (2013, September 17) RCA Records. USA-Work B**ch from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pt8VYOfr8To
[28] Madonna
(1982, October 06) Sire. New York-Everybody from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOqr_x_9fMc
[29] Miley
Cyrus (2013, June 03) Mike Will Made It. USA-We Can't Stop from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrUvu1mlWco
[30] Erlewine,
S. (2005, November 29) All Music: Madonna from All Music http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/madonna-mr0000674567
[31]
Bixlar, B (2014, March 20) The Evolution of Madonna’s Feminist Message from All
That Is Interesting http://all-that-is-interesting.com/madonna-feminist-message#1BIkeMCmgUJLHxXp.99
[32]
Alexandre, L. (2011) WOMEN: Using Female Bodies For Sales and Profit from
Center for Media Literacy http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/women-using-female-bodies-sales-and-profit
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Hoby, H. (2013, November 24) Miley Cyrus isn't a child: she's 21 and she can twerk if she wants to
from The Guardian
http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/nov/24/miley-cyrus-21-twerk-if-she-wants
Keller, G. (2013, September 22) Forget Miley Cyrus, teens and tweens have moved on from The
Guardian
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/22/miley-cyrus-not-role-model-girls
Mail, D. (2011, August 18) ‘Moral panic’ making judges impose overly-harsh sentences, says former
top prosecutor from Mail online http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2027459/UK-riots-Moral-panic-making-judges-impose-overly-harsh-sentences.html
Grahame, J. (2011, February) Media Magazine 35, the culture
issue
Grahame, J. (2011, April) Media Magazine 36, the
collaboration issue
Grahame, J. (2013, September) Media Magazine 45, reading the
media issue
Michaels, S. (September 25) Miley Cyrus: is twerking worse than cooking meth on Breaking Bad? From
The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/sep/25/miley-cyrus-twerking-robin-thicke
Quinn, B. (2013, October 04) Sinéad O'Connor threatens to sue Miley Cyrus over mental health tweets
from The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/oct/04/sinead-oconnor-miley-cyrus
Internet
Christman, E. (2014, January 03) Digital Music Sales Decrease For First Time in 2013 from Billboard
http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/5855162/digital-music-sales-decrease-for-first-time-in-2013
Lane, D. (2013, August 11) Miley Cyrus scores first ever UK Number 1 with We Can’t Stop from
Official Charts Company http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/miley-cyrus-scores-first-ever-uk-number-1-with-we-cant-stop-2413/
Resnikoff, P. (2014, June 05) The Music Industry Has Only Declined 3% Since 2000, Research Shows…
from Digital Music News http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/06/05/music-industry-declined-3-since-2000-research-shows
Riley, M. (2011) WOMEN:
Madonna: Siren or Symbol? From Center for Media literacy http://www.medialiteracy.com/reading-room/women-madonna-siren-or-symbol
Sexton, P. (2013, August 12) Miley Cyrus Grabs First U.K. No. 1 With 'We Can’t Stop' from
Billboard
http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5645608/miley-cyrus-grabs-first-uk-no-1-with-we-cant-stop
Moving Image Texts
Mike WiLL Made-It - 23
ft. Miley Cyrus, Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbEoRnaOIbs
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